新集矿区煤层气综合利用可行性研究

针对新集矿区煤层气资源丰富、适合进行大规模抽采的特点,提出两种资源综合利用可行性方案:方案一为新集一矿和新集二矿集中共建一只储气罐集中向外供气;方案二为两矿各建一只储气罐分别向外供气。通过对两种方案的经济和技术比较,结果表明,采用方案一两矿共用一只储气罐集中向外供气,无论在经济上还是技术上都较方案二合理,且符合目前的矿区实际现状。     

煤矿瓦斯抽排立眼套管安设及水泥固井工艺探讨

在煤矿瓦斯抽排立眼施工的过程中,套管安设及水泥固井是2个关键性的工序,如果出现失误,便可能产生严重的工程事故,甚至可能使整个工程报废。通过对坪上煤矿瓦斯抽排立眼工程的套管安设及水泥固井工序的施工,吸取了一些套管安设的事故教训,总结了一些套管安设、水泥固井的经验,可对今后类似工程的安全施工提供帮助。     

A Large Potential Methane Source—Natural Gas Hydrates

Abstract

Natural gas, essentially methane, can be obtained from natural gas hydrate (NGH). NGH reserves are difficult to pinpoint in the subsurface, but large sources have been identified by seismic reflection. This is particularly so below the sea floor near continental shelf plates in the oceans deeper than 300 m as NGH is stable at 4°C and 50 bar pressure. When extracted, 1 m³ of NGH can contain 160 sm³ of gas. Currently, estimates of this gas resource are very uncertain, but recent estimates suggest perhaps 2,500 trillion sm³, but how much gas can actually be produced from these accumulations is totally unclear at present. NGH could possibly solve much of the energy needs after 2020, but safe ways of extraction still have to be designed. Possible methods include the injection of hot water or inhibitor or reduction of reservoir pressure, but none have yet been commercially tested. Great caution will be needed because catastrophic environmental damage is likely if the methane is carelessly released from the sediments. This article reviews the ‘state of the art’ of NGH.     

Modification of acidity of Mo-Fe/HZSM-5 zeolite via argon plasma treatment

The NH₃-TPD characterization was conducted to confirm that the acidity of Mo-Fe/HZSM-5 zeolite could be selectively modified via the glow discharge plasma treatment. The plasma catalyst treatment could totally change the distribution of aromatic products with higher methane conversion compared to the untreated catalyst. Some polycyclic aromatics such as anthracene, pyrene and phenanthrene were also produced over the plasma treated catalyst, in addition to benzene, toluene and naphthalene, which were normally obtained over the untreated catalyst.     

新型催化材料Sr2FeMoO6的葡萄糖溶胶-凝胶法合成及甲烷催化燃烧性能

采用葡萄糖溶胶-凝胶法合成了Sr₂FeMoO₆催化剂,研究了空气、氩气和H₂/N₂ 3种焙烧气氛对产物的结构和性能的影响。运用X射线衍射（XRD）、程序升温还原（TPR）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、比表面（BET）及磁性测量与甲烷催化燃烧活性评价等技术对所制备的样品进行了表征。XRD实验结果表明,H2/N2气氛下焙烧得到的样品是单相的双层钙钛矿结构氧化物Sr₂FeMoO₆,在氩气下焙烧的样品形成了主相为双层钙钛矿结构氧化物Sr₂FeMoO₆,同时伴有少量的SrMoO₄相,但在空气下焙烧的样品中除了Sr₂FeMoO₆的衍射峰,还出现了强度很高的SrMoO₄相的衍射峰。从TPR、FT-IR和磁性表征结果发现,不同的焙烧气氛所形成的样品程序升温还原图谱和红外光谱均有所差别,H₂/N₂气氛下合成的样品有较好的磁性,而氩气和空气下合成的样品的磁性几乎为零。对于H₂/N₂气氛下合成的单相Sr₂FeMoO₆样品的甲烷催化燃烧活性测试表明,甲烷燃烧起燃温度T₁₀为475℃,完全转换温度T₁₀₀为744℃,可见单相双层钙钛矿型结构化合物Sr₂FeMoO₆对甲烷催化燃烧也有很好的活性。     

The directed relation graph method for mechanism reduction in the oxidative coupling of methane

A detailed mechanism comprising the GRI-Mech natural gas combustion mechanism and recent updates to it that included soot formation and reactions involving acetylene by Frenklach and coworkers was chosen to describe the gas phase reactions in the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). The complete mechanism was reduced for use under OCM conditions with the directed relation graph method. The mechanism reduction achieved reduction ratios of 0.55 for the number of species and 0.57 for the number of reactions when the differences in the concentrations of CH₄, O₂, C₂H₆, C₂H₄, and C₂H₂ between the original and reduced mechanisms were required to be less than 5%.     

Aspects of kinetic modeling of fixed bed reactors

This paper briefly reviews the most important aspects of catalyst testing in packed-bed catalytic laboratory reactors to properly assess the intrinsic chemical kinetics. Next it discusses approaches to assess the kinetics of fast reactions or those accompanied with strong heat effects that cannot be performed in a packed-bed reactor configuration free from transport limitations. As an example the partial oxidation of methane is presented in a steady-state fixed bed reactor as well as in a TAP (temporal analysis of products) reactor. The continuing increase in computational power leads to more sophisticated reaction and reactor models due to the increasing use of computational chemistry and computational fluid dynamics in reaction engineering.     

Effect of CeO2 and La2O3 on the Activity of CeO2−La2O3/Al2O3-Supported Pd Catalysts for Steam Reforming of Methane

The effect of the addition of CeO₂ or La₂O₃ on the surface properties and catalytic behaviors of Al₂O₃-supported Pd catalysts was studied in the steam reforming of methane. The FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO and the Pd dispersion suggest the partial coverage of Pd⁰ by ceria or lanthana species. This could lead to the formation of an adduct MPd _x O (M = Ce or La) at the surface of the metal crystallites. The addition of ceria or lanthana resulted in an increase of the turnover rate and specific rate for steam reforming of methane. One possible explanation if that the Pd⁰*Pd^δ+O–M interfacial species (M = Ce or La) are oxidized by H₂O or CO₂, promoting the O* transfer to the metal surface. This could facilitate the removal of C* species from the metal surface, resulting in the increase of specific reaction rate and increase of the accessibility of CH₄ to metal active sites.     

Simulation of autothermal reforming in a staged‐separation membrane reactor for pure hydrogen production

Steam methane reforming with oxygen input is simulated in staged‐separation membrane reactors. The configuration retains the advantage of regular membrane reactors for achieving super‐equilibrium conversion, but reaction and membrane separation are carried out in two separate units. Equilibrium is assumed in the models given the excess of catalyst. The optimal pure hydrogen yield is obtained with 55% of the total membrane area allocated to the first of two modules. The performance of the process with pure oxygen input is only marginally better than with air. Oxygen must be added in split mode to reach autothermal operation for both reformer modules, and the oxygen input to each module depends on the process conditions. The effects of temperature, steam‐to‐carbon ratio and pressure of the reformer and the area of the membrane modules are investigated for various conditions. Compared with a traditional reformer with an ex situ membrane purifier downstream, the staged reactor is capable of much better pure hydrogen yield for the same autothermal reforming operating conditions.     

The reaction of NiO/NiAl2O4 particles with alternating methane and oxygen

The reduction and oxidation behaviour of oxygen carrier particles of NiO and NiAl₂O₄ has been investigated in a fluidized bed reactor as well as a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The particles showed high reactivity and gas yield to CO₂ with methane in the temperature interval 750–950°C. In the fluidized bed the yield to CO₂ was between 90 and 99% using bed masses corresponding to 16–57 kg/MW_fuel. Complementary experiments in a TGA at 750 and 950°C showed a clear reaction of the NiAl₂O₄ with CH₄ at the higher temperature. There was methane released from the reactor at high degrees of solid oxidation, which is likely associated with the lack of Ni‐sites on the particles which can reform the methane. There was some carbon formation during the reduction, although the amount was minor when the gas yield to carbon dioxide and degree of oxidation of the solid was high. A simple reactor model using kinetic data from a previous study predicted the gas yield during the reduction in the fluidized bed experiments with reasonable accuracy. The oxygen carrier system investigated in this work shows high promise for use in a real CLC system, provided that the particle manufacturing process can be scaled up with reasonable cost.